Microbiota-derived metabolites modulate tissue homeostasis: relevance to the oral cavity?

The human intestinal tract is inhabited by an estimated 100 trillion of microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. These microorganisms consist mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Early in life, the human host and its microbiota establish mutualistic relationships. For example, the microbiota contributes to host physiology by digesting dietary fibers and synthesizing vitamins, while the host provides nutrients that are necessary for bacterial growth. Studies in germ-free animals (i.e. animals that have no microbiota) have established key roles of the microbiota in development, training and function of the host immune system (Macpherson & Harris, 2004).

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